What negative consequences can arise from improper database normalization?

Incorrect database normalization can lead to several negative consequences:

• Data redundancy: if normalization is insufficient, the same data may be stored in multiple places, increasing the size of the database and complicating updates.
• Update anomalies: redundancy can cause errors when changing data — for example, updating in one place but not in another.
• Query complexity: excessive normalization (over-partitioning of tables) can make queries too complex and slow due to a large number of joins.
• Performance loss: due to a large number of tables and relationships, query execution time may increase.

Therefore, it is important to find a balance between normalization and performance to ensure data integrity and efficiency of the database.