What are cyclic dependencies? Under which dependency injection method do we encounter them more often?

Cyclic dependencies are a situation where two or more modules or components depend on each other directly or through a chain of dependencies, forming a cycle. For example, module A depends on module B, and module B, in turn, depends on module A.

Most often, cyclic dependencies occur when using dependency injection through constructors. In this case, if two classes require each other in their constructors, a problem arises because it is impossible to create an instance of one without the other, leading to errors or infinite recursion during initialization.

To avoid cyclic dependencies, approaches such as setter injection, interfaces, or architectural refactoring to break the cycles are used.