Describe the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction in object-oriented programming.

Encapsulation: Hiding the implementation details of an object, access is only provided through a specific interface (methods). It allows managing access to data and changing the internal implementation without affecting external code.

Inheritance: A mechanism that allows creating new classes (derived) based on existing ones (parent), inheriting their properties and behavior. It promotes code reuse and the creation of class hierarchies.

Polymorphism: The ability to use objects of different classes with the same interface. There are static (method overloading) and dynamic (method overriding) forms. It enables writing more flexible and extensible code.

Abstraction: Highlighting common and essential properties of objects, ignoring non-essential details. Creating abstract classes and interfaces to define common behavior without specific implementation. It helps manage system complexity.