What types of expectations can you list in the context of software development?

In the context of software development, several types of expectations are distinguished, especially in testing and automation:

• Hard waits — fixed waiting time, for example, sleep(5). Rarely used as they are inefficient and slow down tests.
• Explicit waits — waiting for a specific condition or event with a timeout. For example, waiting for an element to appear on the page.
• Implicit waits — setting a waiting time for element search, during which the driver will retry attempts for the specified duration.
• Event-based waits — waiting based on the occurrence of a specific event, such as the completion of a file download.

Example of explicit wait in Python with Selenium:

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
element = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'myElement')))