Name a problem that can occur in a multithreaded application. Tell about Race Condition.

Race Condition is a situation in a multithreaded application where the outcome depends on the unpredictable order of thread execution, leading to errors and incorrect data.

The problem occurs when multiple threads access and modify shared resources simultaneously without proper synchronization.

Example:

If two threads simultaneously increment a shared counter without synchronization, the final value may be less than expected, as read and write operations can overlap.

class Counter {
    private int count = 0;

    public void increment() {
        count = count + 1; // non-atomic operation
    }

    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }
}

If two threads call increment() at the same time, a lost update can occur.

To prevent Race Conditions, synchronization mechanisms such as synchronized, Lock, atomic classes (AtomicInteger), and other tools that ensure atomicity and visibility of changes between threads are used.