What methods in Spring can be used to handle exceptional situations?

In Spring, there are several approaches to handle exceptional situations:

1. @ExceptionHandler — an annotation that allows you to define a method in a controller or in a class annotated with @ControllerAdvice, which will handle specific types of exceptions.

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<String> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(ex.getMessage());
    }
}

2. @ControllerAdvice — a class that centrally handles exceptions for all controllers.

3. ResponseStatusException — throwing an exception with a specific HTTP status.

4. HandlerExceptionResolver — an interface for lower-level exception handling.

5. Using filters and interceptors to catch exceptions at the HTTP request level.

Most often, it is sufficient to use @ExceptionHandler together with @ControllerAdvice for convenient and centralized error handling.