How can it be automatically determined that rendering…

Profiling: Using Android Studio Profiler to monitor frame rate (FPS). Drops below 60 FPS indicate rendering issues.

StrictMode: Enable StrictMode to detect long operations on the main thread that block rendering.

StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder()
    .detectAll() // Detect all potential thread issues
    .penaltyLog() // Log violations
    .build())
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectAll() // Detect all potential VM issues
    .penaltyLog() // Log violations
    .build())

"Show layout bounds" function: Enable this option in the developer menu for visual identification of redraws and their boundaries, which can help identify excessive rendering.
"Profile GPU rendering" function: Enable this option in the developer menu to visualize the rendering time of each frame and identify bottlenecks.
Libraries for error and performance tracking: Use third-party libraries such as Firebase Performance Monitoring or Sentry for automatic collection of app performance data in real-time, including rendering lag information.

Custom monitoring: Implement code to measure rendering time, for example, using Choreographer.postFrameCallback(), and log or send this data to a server.

Choreographer.getInstance().postFrameCallback { frameTimeNanos ->
    // frameTimeNanos - start time of the current frame in nanoseconds
    // Here you can measure the time elapsed since the previous frame,
    // and determine if it exceeds the acceptable value (~16.6 ms for 60 FPS)
}

How can it be automatically determined that rendering in an application is not completing in time?