Name ways to perform competitive code execution in Python

Python offers several ways to perform concurrent code execution:

1. Threads (threading) — allow running multiple threads within a single process. Due to the GIL (Global Interpreter Lock), threads do not provide true parallelism for CPU-intensive tasks, but are useful for I/O-bound operations.

2. Multiprocessing — creates separate processes, each with its own memory and Python interpreter, which helps bypass the GIL and achieve true parallelism for CPU-intensive tasks.

3. Asynchronous programming (asyncio) — based on an event loop and coroutines, effective for handling a large number of I/O-bound tasks without creating threads or processes.

4. Concurrent.futures — a high-level interface for running tasks in threads or processes.

Example of using multiprocessing:

from multiprocessing import Pool

def f(x):
    return x * x

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Pool(4) as p:
        print(p.map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4]))

Example with asyncio:

import asyncio

async def main():
    print('Hello')
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    print('World')

asyncio.run(main())