What protocols, frameworks, and libraries exist in Java for working with DBMS?

In Java, the following protocols, frameworks, and libraries are used for working with DBMS:

• JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) — a standard API for connecting and executing SQL queries on databases.
• Hibernate — an ORM framework that simplifies working with the database by allowing you to work with objects instead of SQL.
• JPA (Java Persistence API) — a specification for ORM, often used together with Hibernate.
• Spring Data JPA — part of the Spring Framework, simplifies working with JPA and databases.
• MyBatis — a framework for mapping SQL queries to Java objects, more flexible than ORM.

Protocols are usually implemented through JDBC drivers, which use protocols specific to particular DBMSs (for example, TDS for MS SQL Server, or the PostgreSQL protocol).