Tell about common code refactoring techniques.

Typical code refactoring techniques include:

• Extract Method — extracting a part of the code into a separate method to improve readability and reusability.
• Rename — giving meaningful names to variables, methods, and classes.
• Remove Duplication — eliminating repeated code.
• Encapsulate Field — replacing direct access to fields with access methods.
• Replace Magic Numbers with Constants — improving code understanding.
• Simplify Conditionals — for example, using polymorphism instead of complex if/else statements.
• Introduce Parameter Object — grouping related parameters into an object.

These techniques help reduce technical debt, improve code structure, and simplify maintenance. It is important to accompany refactoring with unit tests to avoid breaking functionality.