Different processes are isolated in separate address spaces. Who performs the translation of virtual addresses to physical ones?

The translation of virtual addresses into physical addresses is performed by a hardware component of the processor — the Memory Management Unit (MMU).

When a process accesses memory, it uses virtual addresses that are isolated for each process. The MMU translates these virtual addresses into physical addresses of the main memory using page tables, which are maintained by the operating system.

The OS manages these page tables, updates them during context switches, and loads pages from the swap file or frees them as needed. Thus, process isolation is achieved through virtual memory and the operation of the MMU.