How can database queries be optimized?

Query optimization in databases using Go (and in general) includes several approaches:

• Using prepared statements — avoids re-parsing SQL and protects against SQL injection.

• Caching results — storing frequently requested data in memory (e.g., with Redis or built-in structures) reduces database load.

• Minimizing the number of queries — combining multiple operations into a single query (e.g., batch inserts or joins) reduces network latency.

• Using indexes — proper indexing of tables speeds up data retrieval.

• Pagination and limiting results — selecting only the necessary amount of data using LIMIT/OFFSET.

• Query profiling — analyzing slow queries and optimizing them.

• Using transactions — for grouping operations and reducing overhead.

Example of using a prepared statement in Go:

stmt, err := db.Prepare("SELECT name FROM users WHERE age > ?")
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
rows, err := stmt.Query(30)
// process rows

Also, it is advisable to use connection pools and monitor ORM efficiency if used.