How is monitoring and resource allocation carried out in a Kubernetes cluster?

Monitoring and resource allocation in Kubernetes are carried out using several mechanisms:

• Requests and Limits: When describing containers, requests (minimum guaranteed resources) and limits (maximum allowable resources) are specified. The scheduler uses requests to place pods on nodes.
• Kubelet and Metrics Server: Collect metrics on CPU usage, memory, and other resources from nodes and containers.
• Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA): Automatically scales the number of pod replicas based on metrics (e.g., CPU load).
• Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA): Adjusts resources (CPU, memory) within pods.
• Cluster Autoscaler: Adds or removes nodes in the cluster depending on the load.

Example of resource configuration in a pod manifest:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: example-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name: example-container
    image: nginx
    resources:
      requests:
        cpu: "100m"
        memory: "200Mi"
      limits:
        cpu: "500m"
        memory: "500Mi"