What is user space and kernel space?

User Space is the area of memory where regular applications and processes run, which do not have direct access to hardware.

Kernel Space is the area of memory reserved for the operating system. The kernel operates in this space, managing hardware resources and providing basic system functions.

Separating these spaces ensures stability and security: an application in user space cannot directly damage the kernel or other applications. For interaction with hardware or other privileged functions, user processes use system calls, through which they send requests to the kernel. The kernel processes these requests in kernel space and returns the result back to user space.