Explain how secure data transmission is implemented through the HTTPS protocol.

Secure data transmission over HTTPS is implemented using the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol, which provides:

• Data encryption: all data between the client and server is encrypted to prevent interception and reading by third parties.
• Server authentication: the client verifies the authenticity of the server through a digital certificate issued by a trusted certification authority (CA).
• Data integrity: data is protected from tampering and modification during transmission.

The process of establishing a secure connection (TLS Handshake) involves key exchange and encryption parameter negotiation. After a successful handshake, an encrypted channel is established for data transfer.

Thus, HTTPS guarantees that data sent and received over the internet remains confidential and protected from attacks.