Tell us about the ACID principles — what does each letter mean: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability?

ACID is a set of properties that guarantee reliable transactions in databases:

• Atomicity — a transaction is either fully completed or not executed at all. If something goes wrong, all changes are rolled back.

• Consistency — after a transaction completes, the database remains in a correct state, satisfying all specified rules and constraints.

• Isolation — concurrent transactions do not affect each other, and their intermediate states are invisible to other transactions.

• Durability — once a transaction is committed, its changes are saved in the database even in case of system failures.

These principles ensure data integrity and predictable application behavior when working with a database.