At what point in the application architecture is the ViewModel usually instantiated?

An instance of ViewModel is usually created in a UI component, such as an Activity or Fragment. This is done using ViewModelProvider, which ensures the preservation of the ViewModel's state during configuration changes, such as screen rotations.

Example of creating a ViewModel in a Fragment in Kotlin:

class MyFragment : Fragment() {
    private val viewModel: MyViewModel by viewModels()

    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
        // Use viewModel to update UI
    }
}