What methods can be used to transfer information between components of an Android application using Intent?.

In Android, the following methods can be used to pass information between components using Intent:

1. Extras — adding data to Intent using putExtra() methods. Allows passing primitive types, strings, serializable objects, etc.

Intent intent = new Intent(this, AnotherActivity.class);
intent.putExtra("key", "value");
startActivity(intent);

2. URI and Data — you can set a URI using setData() to pass a link or another resource.

3. Action and categories — used to define the type of action the component should perform.

4. Serializable and Parcelable objects — for passing complex objects through Intent, the class must implement Serializable or Parcelable interface.

5. Flags — to control the behavior of activity launch.

Thus, the main way to pass information is by adding data to Intent through extras, which makes it easy to pass necessary parameters between components.