How would you implement navigation using buttons so…

Would use the Navigation Architecture Component.

Creating NavGraph: I would define Destinations (fragments or Activities) and Actions (transitions between them) in an XML resource.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<navigation xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:id="@+id/nav_graph"
    app:startDestination="@id/fragmentA"> // Starting point

    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragmentA"
        android:name="com.example.FragmentA"
        android:label="FragmentA" >
        <action
            android:id="@+id/action_fragmentA_to_fragmentB"
            app:destination="@id/fragmentB" />
    </fragment>
    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragmentB"
        android:name="com.example.FragmentB"
        android:label="FragmentB" >
        <action
            android:id="@+id/action_fragmentB_to_fragmentC"
            app:destination="@id/fragmentC" />
    </fragment>
     <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragmentC"
        android:name="com.example.FragmentC"
        android:label="FragmentC" />
</navigation>

Placing NavHost: I would add a NavHost (e.g., NavHostFragment) in the activity layout to which the NavGraph is attached.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical">

    <androidx.fragment.app.FragmentContainerView
        android:id="@+id/nav_host_fragment"
        android:name="androidx.navigation.fragment.NavHostFragment"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        app:defaultNavHost="true"
        app:navGraph="@navigation/nav_graph" /> // Attaching NavGraph

    <!-- Navigation buttons can be here -->
</LinearLayout>

Adding navigation buttons: I would use BottomNavigationView or separate buttons. For BottomNavigationView, I would bind it to the NavController.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical">

    <androidx.fragment.app.FragmentContainerView
        android:id="@+id/nav_host_fragment"
        android:name="androidx.navigation.fragment.NavHostFragment"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        app:defaultNavHost="true"
        app:navGraph="@navigation/nav_graph" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_go_to_b"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Go to B" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button_go_to_c"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Go to C" />
</LinearLayout>

Handling button clicks in code: I would get an instance of NavController and call navigate() on it when a button is clicked. NavController automatically manages the back stack, preserving previous Destinations.

// In Activity or Fragment
import androidx.navigation.findNavController

override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)

    val navController = findNavController(R.id.nav_host_fragment) // Getting NavController

    view.findViewById<Button>(R.id.button_go_to_b).setOnClickListener {
        navController.navigate(R.id.action_fragmentA_to_fragmentB) // Navigating via Action
    }

    view.findViewById<Button>(R.id.button_go_to_c).setOnClickListener {
        // Direct navigation to Destination, can also use action_fragmentA_to_fragmentC if available
         navController.navigate(R.id.fragmentC)
    }
}

For more complex navigation with multiple tabs (BottomNavigationView, DrawerLayout), I would use setupWithNavController().

// In Activity with BottomNavigationView
import androidx.navigation.ui.setupWithNavController
import com.google.android.material.bottomnavigation.BottomNavigationView

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

    val navController = findNavController(R.id.nav_host_fragment)
    val bottomNavView = findViewById<BottomNavigationView>(R.id.bottom_nav_view)
    bottomNavView.setupWithNavController(navController) // Binding BottomNavigationView to NavController
}

Navigation Component by default handles the back stack. Pressing the "Back" button will return the user to the previous destination in the back stack. To manage back stack behavior during navigate(), you can use NavOptions with popUpTo.

How would you implement navigation using buttons so that it preserves the stack?