What methods exist for safely working with values that can be null?

In Android and Java, several approaches are used for safe handling of potentially null values:

1. Null check — the classic method, where the object is explicitly checked for null before use:

if (obj != null) {
    obj.doSomething();
}

2. Optional (Java 8+) — a wrapper that may contain a value or be empty, helping to avoid NullPointerException:

Optional<String> optional = Optional.ofNullable(possibleNullString);
optional.ifPresent(s -> System.out.println(s));

3. @Nullable and @NonNull annotations — assist static analysis and IDE warnings about potential null errors.

4. Kotlin null safety — in Kotlin, types are non-nullable by default; for nullable types, ? is used, and for safe access, the ?. operator:

val length = nullableString?.length ?: 0

5. Using safe call operators and Elvis operator for concise and safe access to nullable objects.

These methods help prevent null-related errors and make the code more reliable and readable.