What limitations do static methods have in object-oriented programming?

Static methods in object-oriented programming have several limitations:

• No access to instance members of the class. Static methods cannot access non-static fields and methods because they are not tied to a specific instance of the class.
• Lack of polymorphism. Static methods cannot be overridden in subclasses; they are hidden, which limits the use of dynamic polymorphism.
• Inheritance restrictions. Since static methods belong to the class and not to an object, they do not participate in virtual method invocation mechanisms.

Example in Java:

class Example {
    static void staticMethod() {
        System.out.println("Static method");
    }

    void instanceMethod() {
        System.out.println("Non-static method");
    }

    static void test() {
        // staticMethod() can be called directly
        staticMethod();
        // instanceMethod(); // Compilation error: cannot call non-static from static
    }
}