How can data transfer be organized from a background process to the main execution thread?

In Android, there are several approaches to pass data from a background thread to the main (UI) thread:

• Handler: created in the main thread and receives messages or Runnables from the background.
• runOnUiThread: an Activity method that allows executing code on the UI thread.
• LiveData: an observable entity that automatically delivers updates to the UI.
• ViewModel + Coroutine with Dispatchers.Main: coroutines enable switching between threads.

Example with Handler:

Handler mainHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());

new Thread(() -> {
    // Background work
    String result = "Data from background thread";

    mainHandler.post(() -> {
        // Update UI
        textView.setText(result);
    });
}).start();