What alternative error handling methods can be implemented besides catching exceptions with a try-catch block?

In addition to using try-catch for exception handling in Android, the following approaches can be applied:

• Checking conditions before performing operations — for example, verifying input data or network status to avoid errors.
• Using return values with error indicators — for example, returning null or a special result object with error information.
• Callback methods with error handling — in asynchronous operations, passing callbacks to handle success and errors.
• Using Result or Either types (in Kotlin) — for explicitly representing successful and erroneous results.
• Logging and monitoring — to track errors without interrupting the application's operation.

Example using Kotlin Result:

fun parseInt(str: String): Result<Int> {
    return try {
        Result.success(str.toInt())
    } catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
        Result.failure(e)
    }
}

val result = parseInt("123")
result.onSuccess { println("Parsed number: $it") }
      .onFailure { println("Error: ${it.message}") }