What is the difference between static and dynamic polymorphism in the context of object-oriented programming?

Static polymorphism (compile-time polymorphism) is implemented through method and operator overloading, where the specific version of a method is chosen during compilation. This allows the same method to be used with different parameters.

Dynamic polymorphism (run-time polymorphism) is achieved through method overriding in inherited classes and the use of virtual methods. The specific implementation of a method is selected at runtime, allowing objects to behave differently depending on their actual type.

Example of static polymorphism:

class Calculator {
    int sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
    double sum(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
}

Example of dynamic polymorphism:

class Animal {
    void sound() { System.out.println("Some sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void sound() { System.out.println("Bark"); }
}

Animal a = new Dog();
a.sound(); // Will output "Bark"