What compilation methods do modern versions of Android use to optimize application performance?

Modern versions of Android use several compilation methods to optimize application performance:

1. Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation — the application is compiled into machine code during installation, which speeds up startup and execution.

2. Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation — code is compiled during runtime, allowing adaptation to current conditions and optimization of hot code paths.

3. Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO) — the system collects execution profiles and uses them to improve JIT compilation.

4. ART (Android Runtime) — replaces Dalvik, supports AOT and JIT, enhancing performance and energy efficiency.

Thus, Android combines AOT and JIT to ensure a balance between startup speed and execution efficiency.