How is integration with hardware and data collection from sensors organized?

Integration with equipment and data collection from sensors is usually built according to the following scheme:

1. Connecting sensors to controllers or gateways. Sensors can be connected directly to microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi) or to specialized gateways that collect data from multiple devices.

2. Data transmission protocols. Various protocols are used for data transfer: UART, SPI, I2C for local connections; Modbus, CAN, OPC UA, MQTT, HTTP/REST for network communication.

3. Data collection and preprocessing. Controllers or gateways collect raw data, which can be filtered, aggregated, and transformed.

4. Data transfer to server or cloud. Data is sent via Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular, or other channels to a central system for storage and analysis.

5. Integration with information systems. On the server side, data is received into databases, SCADA systems, analytical platforms.

6. Monitoring and control. Monitoring dashboards, notification systems, and automatic equipment control are implemented based on the collected data.

Example: temperature and humidity integration

• Temperature and humidity sensor connects to the microcontroller via I2C.
• The microcontroller reads data every 10 seconds.
• Data is sent via MQTT to the server.
• The server stores the data in a database and displays it on a dashboard.

Thus, integration requires understanding hardware interfaces, communication protocols, as well as software architecture for data processing and analysis.