Tell me about the principles of object-oriented programming.

Encapsulation: Hiding the internal implementation of an object from the outside world, accessing data through public methods. Ensures data security and makes it easier to change the internal structure without affecting external code.

Inheritance: A mechanism that allows a new class (child) to inherit properties and methods from an existing class (parent). Promotes code reuse and the creation of object hierarchies.

Polymorphism: The ability to use objects of different classes with a common interface (e.g., through a base class or interface). Allows writing more flexible and extensible code. There are static (method overloading) and dynamic (method overriding) polymorphisms.

Abstraction: Highlighting the essential characteristics of an object, discarding non-essential details. Creating a simplified model of a real object for ease of work. Implemented through abstract classes and interfaces.