What are the main characteristics and approaches in testing web applications?

The main characteristics and approaches in testing web applications include:

• Functional testing — verifying that all functions work according to requirements.
• Performance testing — assessing load times, responsiveness, and stability under stress.
• Security testing — identifying vulnerabilities and protecting against attacks.
• Cross-browser testing — ensuring proper operation across different browsers and devices.
• User Interface (UI) testing — checking the usability and correct display of elements.
• Test automation — using scripts and tools for regular and rapid testing.

For example, Selenium can be used for UI test automation, JMeter for load testing, and OWASP ZAP for security testing.