Tell us about authentication and authorization.

Authentication is the process of verifying a user's identity, that is, confirming that the user is who they claim to be. It usually involves entering a login and password, using tokens, certificates, or biometrics.

Authorization is the process of determining the user's rights and access to resources after successful authentication. It answers the question: what can the user do in the system?

Example: a user enters a login and password (authentication), then the system checks which sections of the website they have access to (authorization).

In testing, it is important to verify both processes: that access is denied without authentication, and that access rights after authentication match roles and security policies.