What types of exceptions have you encountered when developing in Java?

In Java, exceptions are divided into several types:

• Checked exceptions: require mandatory handling or declaration in the method (e.g., IOException, SQLException).

• Unchecked exceptions: inherit from RuntimeException and do not require mandatory handling (e.g., NullPointerException, IllegalArgumentException).

• Errors: serious problems that are usually not handled by the application (e.g., OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError).

Commonly encountered include:

• NullPointerException — attempting to access an object through null.
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException — going out of array bounds.
• IOException — input/output errors.
• ClassNotFoundException — class not found during loading.

Exception handling helps make the program more robust and predictable.