What is the difference between HAVING and VALUES clauses in SQL queries?

In SQL, the constructs HAVING and VALUES serve different purposes and are used in different contexts:

• HAVING — is a filter applied to the results of a GROUP BY. It allows filtering groups based on a condition, for example, selecting only those groups where the sum of values exceeds a certain number.

Example:

SELECT department, COUNT(*)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;

Here, HAVING filters departments with more than 10 employees.

• VALUES — is used for inserting data or creating temporary data sets. For example, in INSERT statements or in subquery constructs.

Example of insertion:

INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ('Ivan', 30), ('Anna', 25);

Or creating a temporary table:

SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1, 'A'), (2, 'B')) AS temp(id, letter);

In summary, HAVING is a filter for aggregated data, while VALUES is a way to specify specific values for insertion or temporary tables.