What type of typing does Python have: static or dynamic?

Dynamic, but with static elements thanks to type annotations.

In dynamic typing, the variable type is determined at runtime based on the assigned value.

# Dynamic typing: x can take different data types
x = 10  # int
x = "hello" # str

Since Python 3.5, type annotations (type hints) have been added, allowing you to specify the expected type of a variable, function argument, or return value. This does not make Python a statically typed language in the traditional sense, but it allows static code analyzers (like mypy) to check types before runtime.

# Type annotations
def greet(name: str) -> str:
    return f"Hello, {name}"

age: int = 30

Main differences between dynamic and static typing:

Characteristic	Dynamic typing	Static typing
Type definition	During runtime	During compilation
Type error checking	During runtime	During compilation
Flexibility	Higher	Lower
Performance	May be lower (due to checks during execution)	Usually higher (types known in advance)

Despite annotations, Python remains a dynamically typed language, as type checking still occurs at runtime, and a variable can be assigned a value of a different type even if there was a syntactic annotation. Annotations serve to improve code readability, facilitate debugging, and enable static analysis tools.