What in Python is not an object?

In Python, essentially, everything is an object. Including:

• Numbers (integers, floating-point)
• Strings
• Tuples
• Lists
• Dictionaries
• Sets
• Functions
• Classes
• Modules
• Data types (e.g., int, str)
• Methods

This fundamental concept makes Python a high-level and flexible language. Every object has a type and associated data and methods.

For example, even simple numbers are objects of type int:

# 42 is an object of type int
x = 42
print(type(x))

Functions are also objects of type function:

# hello_world is an object of type function
def hello_world():
    print("Hello, world!")

print(type(hello_world))

There are no exceptions to this rule in the standard implementation of Python, where nothing is not an object.