What are the main advantages and disadvantages of relational databases?

Pros:

• Data integrity: Support for ACID transactions ensures data consistency and reliability.
• Structured data: Clearly defined table schemas simplify understanding and managing data.
• Powerful query language: SQL is a standard and allows for complex data operations.
• Maturity of technology: There are many tools, libraries, and an extensive knowledge base.
• Reduction of redundancy: Data normalization helps avoid duplication.

Cons:

• Rigid schema: Changes to the data schema can be complex and require significant modifications.
• Scaling issues: Vertical scaling has limitations, and horizontal scaling can be complex.
• Performance with large volumes of related data: Complex JOIN operations can slow down query execution.
• Modeling complex structures: Representing hierarchical or graphical data can be cumbersome.
• High licensing costs: Commercial DBMSs can be expensive.