What methods are used to implement abstract classes in Python?

In Python, abstract classes are implemented using the abc module (Abstract Base Classes). The main way is to create a class that inherits from abc.ABC, and declare abstract methods using the @abstractmethod decorator.

Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def make_sound(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def make_sound(self):
        print("Bark")

# Attempting to instantiate Animal will cause an error
# animal = Animal()  # TypeError

dog = Dog()
dog.make_sound()  # Outputs: Bark

You can also use @abstractproperty for abstract properties. This approach ensures that subclasses implement the necessary methods and properties.