What tools or methods can be used to monitor the execution speed of SQL queries?

Logging slow database queries: Most DBMS (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.) have built-in query logging functions that log queries exceeding a specified time threshold.
For example, in MySQL, this is controlled by the slow_query_log parameter and long_query_time.

Query profiling: Using the EXPLAIN command (in MySQL and PostgreSQL) or similar tools allows analyzing the execution plan of a query, helping to understand how the DBMS processes the query and which operations are most costly.

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE status = 'active';

Built-in DBMS tools for performance monitoring: DBMS often provide their own tools for monitoring activity, including query execution. For example, Performance Schema in MySQL.

PHP extensions for monitoring: Some PHP extensions (e.g., xdebug in profiling mode or specialized APM tools) can help track execution time of code parts, including database interactions.

Application Performance Monitoring (APM) systems: Specialized application performance monitoring systems (e.g., Datadog, New Relic, Sentry) can automatically instrument code and collect metrics on SQL query execution times.

Manual logging: Adding code to the application to record the time before and after executing a query.

<?php

$start_time = microtime(true);

// Execute SQL query
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = ?");
$stmt->execute([$categoryId]);
$results = $stmt->fetchAll();

$end_time = microtime(true);
$query_time = ($end_time - $start_time) * 1000; // Time in milliseconds

// Log execution time
error_log("Query executed in {$query_time} ms");

?>

Using ORM with logging/profiling support: Frameworks and ORMs often provide their own mechanisms for logging or profiling the queries they execute.