What are the differences between the call, bind, and apply functions in JavaScript?

call and apply invoke a function immediately, setting the this context and passing arguments. call accepts arguments separately, while apply accepts them as an array. bind returns a new function with a bound this context and optional arguments, without invoking the original function.

// Example of using call and apply
const obj = { name: 'Alice' };

function greet(greeting) {
  console.log(`${greeting}, ${this.name}!`);
}

greet.call(obj, 'Hello'); // Hello, Alice!
greet.apply(obj, ['Hi']); // Hi, Alice!

// Example of using bind
const boundGreet = greet.bind(obj, 'Hi');
boundGreet(); // Hi, Alice!

Method	Call	Arguments	Return value
call	Immediate	Listed separately	Function result
apply	Immediate	As array	Function result
bind	Creates new function	Can pass arguments during bind or call of the returned function	New function with bound context