How can the execution of asynchronous tasks be controlled in software systems?

In Node.js, asynchronous tasks are controlled using several approaches:

• Callbacks — passing a callback function that is called after the operation completes.
• Promises — objects representing the result of an asynchronous operation, allowing chaining with .then() and error handling with .catch().
• async/await — syntactic sugar over promises, enabling writing asynchronous code in a synchronous style.

To control execution, you can use:

• Promise.all() — waiting for multiple promises to complete.
• EventEmitter — subscribing to events and reacting to them.
• Queue management libraries (e.g., async) that allow limiting the number of tasks running simultaneously.

Example with async/await:

async function fetchData() {
  try {
    const data = await someAsyncOperation();
    console.log(data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}
fetchData();