Explain the differences between adapter, decorator, and proxy patterns in programming.

The adapter, decorator, and proxy patterns have different purposes, although they all wrap objects:

• Adapter — transforms the interface of a class into the interface expected by the client. Used when incompatible interfaces need to work together.

• Decorator — dynamically adds responsibilities to objects, extending their functionality without modifying the original class.

• Proxy — controls access to another object, potentially performing additional actions (e.g., lazy initialization, caching, access control).

Example:

• Adapter: you have a class with a method specificRequest(), and the client expects request(). The adapter implements request(), calling specificRequest().
• Decorator: wraps an object and adds behavior, such as logging calls.
• Proxy: acts as an intermediary, for example, checking access rights before calling the real object's method.