What are the types of exceptions in Java? What is a Multi-catch Exception?

In Java, exceptions are divided into three main types:

1. Checked exceptions — exceptions that are checked by the compiler. They must be either handled in a try-catch block or declared in the method signature with throws. Examples: IOException, SQLException.

2. Unchecked exceptions — subclasses of RuntimeException. The compiler does not require them to be handled. They are usually related to programming errors, such as NullPointerException, IllegalArgumentException.

3. Errors — subclasses of Error. Usually related to runtime environment problems that should not be caught, such as OutOfMemoryError.

Multi-catch Exception — a feature in Java (since version 7) that allows catching multiple exceptions in a single catch block using the | operator. This simplifies code when the handling for different exceptions is the same.

Example:

try {
    // code that may throw IOException or SQLException
} catch (IOException | SQLException ex) {
    ex.printStackTrace();
}