How difficult is it to design the architecture for interacting with a database?

Designing the architecture for database interaction can be simple or complex, depending on the project requirements. In simple cases, it is enough to choose the appropriate driver and write basic queries. In more complex cases, it is necessary to consider levels of abstraction, access patterns (e.g., DAO, Repository), caching, transaction management, and scalability.

For example, when using Java with JDBC, you can start with a simple connection and query execution:

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");
stmt.setInt(1, userId);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();

But for a large project, it is advisable to use ORM (e.g., Hibernate) to simplify data handling and ensure architectural flexibility.