What are business operations and what allowed to standardize business logic?

Business operations are key actions or processes that implement the application's business logic, reflecting the rules and requirements of the domain. They define how data is processed and how the system responds to events from a business perspective.

Standardization of business logic has become possible through the use of design patterns and architectural approaches such as:

• Service Layer — separating business logic into a distinct layer, separated from infrastructure and presentation.
• DDD (Domain-Driven Design) — an approach that formalizes the domain model and business rules.
• Use of transactions and patterns, such as Unit of Work, to ensure the integrity of operations.

This makes business logic more manageable, reusable, and testable, and also facilitates system maintenance and development.