What methods guarantee data safety and consistency in a database?

The following methods are used to ensure data integrity and consistency in a database:

• Transactions — ensure atomicity of operations, meaning either all changes are applied or none are. This prevents partial data updates.

• ACID properties — databases support atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of operations.

• Locks and isolation levels — prevent conflicts during concurrent data access, ensuring correct read and write operations.

• Data validation and integrity constraints — such as unique keys, foreign keys, and schema-level checks.

• Backup and recovery — to protect against data loss.

Example of using transactions in Java with JDBC:

try (Connection conn = dataSource.getConnection()) {
    conn.setAutoCommit(false);
    // Perform multiple database operations
    // ...
    conn.commit();
} catch (SQLException e) {
    conn.rollback();
    throw e;
}

Thus, the combination of these methods ensures data reliability and consistency.