Explain the structure and principles of organizing exception hierarchy in programming languages.

The hierarchy of exceptions in programming languages is organized as a class tree, where the base class represents a general concept of an error, and derived classes are more specific types of exceptions.

For example, in Java, the base class for all exceptions is Throwable. From it, two main subclasses are inherited:

• Error — errors related to the system (e.g., OutOfMemoryError), which are usually not handled in code.
• Exception — exceptions that can and should be handled.

Further, from Exception, the following are inherited:

• Checked exceptions, which require mandatory handling or declaration in the method signature (e.g., IOException).
• Unchecked exceptions, which are subclasses of RuntimeException (e.g., NullPointerException).

This separation allows organizing error handling at different levels of the hierarchy, ensuring flexibility and code safety.

Example:

try {
    // code that may throw an exception
} catch (IOException e) {
    // handle specific exception
} catch (Exception e) {
    // handle all other exceptions
}