What are the causes that lead to problems in multithreaded programming?

Problems in multithreaded programming arise due to the features of parallel code execution and access to shared resources. The main causes:

• Race condition — when multiple threads simultaneously modify shared data without synchronization, leading to unpredictable results.
• Deadlock — a situation where two or more threads wait forever for resources held by each other.
• Starvation — when one or more threads do not get access to resources due to priorities or improper scheduling.
• Incorrect synchronization — lack of or improper use of synchronization mechanisms (e.g., synchronized, Lock), leading to errors.
• Data visibility issues — changes made in one thread may not immediately become visible to other threads without using the volatile keyword or other memory barriers.

To prevent these problems, it is important to use proper synchronization mechanisms, avoid deadlocks, and design architecture considering parallelism.