What techniques are used to improve efficiency and reduce resource consumption in heavy applications?

To improve efficiency and reduce resource consumption in heavy Java applications, the following techniques are used:

• Profiling and monitoring — identifying bottlenecks in performance and memory usage.
• Algorithm and data structure optimization — using more efficient algorithms and collections.
• Using thread pools — reducing overhead on thread creation and destruction.
• Caching — storing frequently accessed data in memory for quick access.
• Lazy loading — deferred initialization of objects and resources until needed.
• Database operation optimization — minimizing the number of queries, using batch operations.
• Memory management — proper resource release, avoiding memory leaks.
• Using asynchronous and non-blocking I/O — to improve scalability.
• Data compression and optimization — reducing the volume of transmitted and stored data.

Example of using a thread pool:

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
executor.submit(() -> {
    // heavy task
});
executor.shutdown();