Explain what is meant by transaction independence in a database management system.

Transaction independence (isolation) in DBMS means that each transaction is executed as if it were the only one in the system. The results of one transaction should not affect others until it is completed (commit).

This is important to prevent issues such as:

• dirty reads (reading uncommitted changes of another transaction),
• non-repeatable reads,
• phantom reads.

Isolation is one of the key properties of ACID, ensuring correctness and predictability of data operations in a multi-user environment.