When is it better to use value types and when reference types?

Value types (struct, enum, tuple) are stored on the stack, copied when assigned or passed to a function. They are suitable for representing simple data, small objects, where independence of copies is required. Their use can improve performance due to the lack of need for heap memory management.

Reference types (class, function, closure) are stored on the heap and passed by reference. They are suitable for:

• Representing complex objects with mutable state.
• When a shared instance is needed, accessible by multiple parts of the code.
• Inheritance and polymorphism.
• Managing the lifecycle of an object (ARC).

When choosing, consider:

• The size and complexity of the data.
• The need for changing state and sharing.
• Performance and memory consumption.