What methods and tools do you use to improve the efficiency of query execution in databases?

To improve the efficiency of database query execution, I use the following methods and tools:

• Indexes: creating and optimizing indexes to speed up data search and filtering.
• Execution plan analysis (EXPLAIN): studying query execution plans to identify bottlenecks.
• Query optimization: rewriting queries to reduce the number of operations, using JOINs instead of subqueries, and selecting only necessary columns.
• Caching: using caching of query results, for example, through Redis or built-in DBMS mechanisms.
• Pagination and limits: restricting the volume of returned data to reduce load.
• Parallelism and batching: executing queries in batches and in parallel if possible.
• Profiling and monitoring: using monitoring tools to identify slow queries.

In Go, I often use the database/sql package along with ORM or query builder, as well as third-party tools for profiling and caching.