What methods exist to increase database scalability?

Several approaches are used to increase the scalability of databases:

• Sharding — horizontal partitioning of data across different servers.
• Replication — creating copies of the database to distribute read load.
• Indexing — optimizing queries by creating indexes.
• Caching — using external caches (e.g., Redis) to reduce database load.
• Query and schema optimization — reducing redundancy and increasing efficiency.

These methods can be combined depending on the requirements and architecture of the application.